Banana moko disease management with resistance inducers and. This disease is the chief disease of banana and plantain in the western hemisphere. Banana diseases and pests, description, uses, propagation. Other diseases and pests of banana include yellow sigatoka another leaf cholorosis disease. Sustainable management of moko and bugtok diseases of banana.
Genetic diversity of ralstonia solanacearum phylotype ii. Moko is currently the most widely dispersed of the three pests. This is a soilborne fungal disease and gets entry in the plant body through roots. Moko disease can be disseminated either by insects, through infested soil or by root contact. Later the disease spread to uganda 2001 and eventually to other eastern african countries. Not all diseases are treatable by phytopharmaceutical products.
Ralstonia solanacearum is the agent of bacterial wilt of plants, characterized by a sudden wilt of the whole plant. Moko disease and black sigatoka food and agriculture. The symptoms of moko disease are very similar to those of banana blood disease bdb, caused by blood. The bacterial wilt disease was initially known as moko disease. In older plants, the inner leaf first turns yellow near the petiole. The disease is mainly transmitted by insects, farm equipments, animals and infected rhizomes. A classic and destructive disease of banana randy c. Bacterial wilt or moko disease pseudomonas solanacearum. Moko has caused severe losses in banana crops in central and south america, the caribbean and the philippines.
Segmented banana chilling injury to fruit one of the less common plantain diseases is exostentialis clittellus referred to by most plantain and banana farmers as segmented banana. It is caused by the phytopathogenic bacterium ralstonia solanacearum. The impact of these diseases are severe for smallhold farms that do not have the capability to manage the said diseases. Pests and diseases of banana crops business queensland. In the initial stages the bacterial wilt is characterised by the yellowish discolouration of the inner leaf lamina close to the petiole. Moko disease of banana is caused by the soilborne bacterium, ralstonia solanacearum race 2. Identification, vector relationships, epidemiology banana. Moko diseases of banana cured using crop vaccinati youtube. The colombian agricultural institute ica registered the elimination of 731 hectares of plantain and banana farms in 2011 and 2012, as part of an eradication program to stop bacterial wilt moko disease in its tracks. The symptoms of moko disease are very similar to those of banana blood disease bdb, caused by blood disease bacterium, which is considered a member of the r. Moko disease banana, granville wilt tobacco english. Blood disease of banana in indonesia and moko disease in the americas are similar in.
In the case of moko disease of banana and brown rot of potato, there is also visible bacterial colonization of banana fruit and potato tuber. In addition to fungal diseases, the bunchy top virus has created a situation of a dismal future for the banana. Biocontrol on the destructive disease, the use of antagonist. Bbw was first recorded in ethiopia 1968 mainly on banana and enset. The intention initially was to concentrate on banana bunchy top virus bbtv and moko and bugtok diseases caused byralstonia pseudomonas solanacearum since these were considered some of the most important diseases of banana in the philippines. A training video to help farmer identify symptoms, modes of spread and management options for banana xanthomonas wilt disease bxw in central africa. It is widespread throughout the plantain banana growing areas. Banana is one of the popular fruits cultivated in malaysia. Outbreaks of moko disease in the amazon basin and of bugtok disease in the philippines have severely reduced the availability of bananas and plantains for. It is transmitted through water, wind, moving soil and farm equipment. Bacterial wilt disease and the ralstonia solanacearum species complex.
In india, yellow sigatoka is a serious threat to banana production in the states of assam, t. To develop field management methods to reduce the spread of the disease and to extend the. This organism is the causal agent of brown rot of potato, bacterial wilt or southern wilt of tomato, tobacco, eggplant, and some ornamentals, and moko disease of banana 1, 8. The plant disease moko, caused by ralstonia solanacearum, is the most. Banana is much more vulnerable to disease than to the insect pests. Fusarium wilt of banana, caused by fusarium oxyspoum f. Mokobugtok disease caused by ralstonia solanacearum and banana blood. The pathogens enter the banana tree through root wounds, and quickly grow and spread throughout the. Bxw can be confused with fusarium wilt, caused by a fungus. Categoria reglamentaria presente solo en algunas areas y sujeta a control oficial cipf, 2006. However, most moko strains are also pathogenic on tomato solanum lycopersicon, unlike bdb. Aside from prophylaxis, their early detection is becoming a priority for large scale banana growers.
The disruption of photosynthesis can reduce fruit yield by up to 50%. This pathogen attacks all banana varieties and was first detected in mexico in the central basin of the state of chiapas in 1991. Affecting triploid bananas causing moko disease and heliconia spp. Occurrence of ralstonia solanacearum race 2 biovar 1. It is caused by a bacterium, ralstonia pseudomonas solanacearum race 2, unknown strain. The banana research division identified it as moko and the world authority. Moko disease is a major disease of plantain banana in guyana. Abstract en as one of the most important cash crop in the world, banana cropping is constantly threatened by a lot of diseases. Managing moko disease of banana in latin america and the.
Bacterial diseases in bananas and enset can be divided into three groups. Pdf occurrence of banana blood disease in malaysia. Ralstonia syzygii, the blood disease bacterium and some. Ploetz, institute of food and agricultural sciences, university of florida, homestead, fl 32611. Moko disease of plantain and banana, also known as bacterial wilt, vascular. To find and develop a commercially acceptable banana variety resistant or tolerant to panama tropical race 4 for the nt banana industry. Moko disease of banana the moko disease of banana is caused by the ralstonia solanacearum breed 2 pseudomonas solanacearum bacteria. In the philippines, the two diseases may seem different because moko is observed more often affecting the export variety cavendish with wilt symptom while bugtok is very common in cooking bananas like saba and cardaba as fruit pulp discoloration. Ralstonia solanacearum, a widespread bacterial plant. The symptoms and epidemiological characteristics of blood disease are similar to, and could be confused with, those of insecttransmitted strains of moko disease in latin america and bugtok disease in the philippines, caused by race 2 of ralstonia solanacearum moko disease, as well as banana xanthomonas wilt in east africa xanthomonas.
Ica plans to continue these efforts in 20, but emphasizes exports are unlikely to be affected significantly. Black sigatoka is a very destructive disease to the foliage of banana trees. This bacterium also causes bugtok of banana, and is closely related to the blood. Final bacterial wilt manual 170506 plant health australia. Moko and bugtok diseases of banana are caused by ralstonia solanacearum smith yabuuchi et al. Initial symptoms are yellowing of lower leaves, including leaf blades and petioles. Moko disease, caused by race 2 of the bacterium ralstonia solanacearum, can be confused with panama disease because it causes many of the above symptoms 12 e.
To prevent the introduction and spread of these diseases, to and within queenslands banana production area, movement restrictions apply to banana plants, and banana pest carriers. Coastal plains banana quarantine station cpbqs objectives. Yellow zone managing moko disease of banana in latin. Pcr amplification of all isolates produced a 1900 amplicon and exhibited 93% phylogenetic similarity with reference strain af450275. Differences between panama and moko countries with panama disease race 4 disease taiwan, penisula malaysia, indonesia, austrapreventative and control measures do not import banana and plantain plants or seedlings or other host plants of the disease from countries where pdr4 is present. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
Moko disease a bacterium, pseudomona solanacearum, is the culprit resulting in moko disease. The history and socioeconomics of cultivation sedeer elshowk february 2007 contents. This is a result of the peel forming tiny interfruit membranes which cause the banana to appear as though it has been sliced before it is peeled. Occurrence of banana blood disease in malaysia presentation. Moko diseases of banana cured using crop vaccination technology. Plant diseases caused by bacteria narratives 14 show infected heliconia spathes and stalks. Panana disease, yellow sigatoka, black sigatoka, moko disease, etc. Usually, it is not possible to distinguish moko and bdb based on the symptoms. Moko symptoms have also been confused with those caused by panama disease caused by. On banana plantations, fields are flooded to control the fungus or by planting a cover crop. Pdf on sep 22, 2006, jose ricardo liberato and others published moko disease of banana ralstonia solanacearum find, read and cite all the research.
In young plants, wilt and subsequent plant death is rapid. Typically, stem crosssections will ooze a slimy bacterial exudate. Moko has caused severe losses in banana crops in central and. The leaf collapses near the junction of the lamina with the petiole. What to do moko is a deadly disease of banana, plantain and similar crops. This pathogen attacks all banana varieties and was first detected in mexico in the central basin of the state of chiapas in. History of the diseases although the three diseases moko, bugtok and blood disease are closely related the distribution of each is quite distinct figure 1. Since the outbreak of the banana bacterial wilt disease which was first reported in 2007, the disease has caused great yield reduction and loss to the farmers. During june 2011 to march 2012, moko disease symptoms were observed in banana cv. The diseases often occur in epidemic proportions and bring about catastrophic losses. These diseases are present in australia and pose a significant threat to queenslands banana industry. In 2004, rada detected a strange disease at three locations in st. For more information please contact us via email from my phone. The primer pairs isrso19fisrso19r were used for defined identification of ralstonia solanacearum race 2 strain.
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