In accordance with this strategy, the framework for public transport in hong kong reflects the concept of rail hubs supported by secondary modes of roadbased transport. A comparative study of transit oriented developments in. Mass transit railway corporation ordinance passed by the legislative council in may 1975. Hong kongs expanding metro a model of developmentfunded. Preserving such diversity is particularly relevant when applying transitoriented development, or tod, principles, a form of high density development within walking distance of mass transit stations. By integrating residential needs with attractive public transportation options, a rail transitoriented development tod has the potential to offer a. Adapting land value capture in developing countries published. Transit oriented development is the exciting fast growing trend in creating vibrant, livable, sustainable communities.
More than half of all revenues received by the mtr corporation, the owneroperator of hong kongs largest railway network, come from property development. Hong kong is pointed out as the benchmark for how the tod concept can be implemented in asian cities and specifically in mainland china. Developmentbased land value capture for financing transitoriented development. Such diversity is what makes a city fascinating, as well as complex to plan. They are known for their large, central railway stations and for the socioeconomic benefits that flow from these, including a good traffictransit balance, thriving city centres and a certain quality of life. The framework for successful transitoriented development. The image on the left shows the difference between an automobileoriented development and a transit oriented development. Why developmentoriented transit is better than transitoriented development. Pdf mass transit railway, transitoriented development and spatial. Intensive mixeduse development projects around transit stations, commonly known as transitoriented development or tod, have moved into the mainstream debate over metropolitan growth and development. Transitoriented developments tods are the walkable areas around mtr stations. Lessons from sustainable transitoriented cities g lobal experiences show that cities on sustainable pathways are able to successfully link public transit investments and urban development. The mass transit railway system was put in place following the recommendations of the cts1 completed in 1976. Transit oriented development and value capture hong kong dr.
Transit oriented developments tods are the walkable areas around mtr stations. Transit oriented development tod is the exciting trend in creating vibrant, livable communities which are compact and walkable, and centered around high quality train systems. Bukowski and dwight r boatman and kevin mauricio zapata ram\irez and mengxi du, year20. At the same time, they can achieve important sustainability goals and smart city initiatives. Trbs transit cooperative research program tcrp report 102. Transitoriented development tod is a planning and design strategy that consists in promoting urban development that is compact, mixeduse, pedestrian and bicyclefriendly, and closely integrated with mass transit by clustering jobs, housing, services, and amenities around public transport stations based on the premise that. Do transitoriented developments tods and established. Planning and design of land use and built form along transit corridor. With this development method, a rail line is built out to a less populated area, then large, mixeduse residences and businesses are constructed. Housing price premiums in the range of 530 per cent were found.
Tod is the largescale solution to climate change and peak oil. The city of hong kong s development is unparalleled to anywhere else in the. The aim of using these two cities as case studies is to examine the common factors influencing rail transit ridership in the hope of developing useful policy implications to promote tod so that urban transportation can be developed in a more. Lessons from new york city and hong kong the idea of using transitoriented development tod in. Pedestrian accessibility walkable neighborhood design regional accessibility city and regional planning that focuses new development in central and accessible locations the ds density population and employment per km2 diversity mixed land uses, housing types, income design for pedestrians destinations accessibility to regional activity centers. Wednesday, 4 march, 2020 around the world, urban population growth challenges city leaders to create livable, thriving and sustainable communities and places. The urban planning concept of transitoriented development tod has been widely advocated in. Although the concept of transitoriented development tod can be traced to originate in europe and the us, it has gained significant attention in china. Transforming the urban space through transitoriented. Transitoriented development transitoriented development is defined as a walkable, denselydeveloped, horizontal and vertical mix of residential space, commercial activity, entertainment facilities, and public open spaces within a 5 to 10 minute walk of public transit. Transitoriented development tod is an initiative of the government that has railway at its core. This concentration ensures high ridership on the citys extensive mtr metro system. Transit oriented development tod planification wsp wsp.
Transitoriented development and employment was prepared by the center for transitoriented development ctod. Transit oriented development and value capture hong kong. Building transit oriented development in established communities 6. Manual of best practices for transitoriented development this document is intended as a resource for new jersey municipalities wishing to plan for high quality transitoriented development. Cts to map out the strategic plans for transport planning and overall development, as well as formulate development plans for infrastructures so as to cater for the socioeconomic development of hong kong. Mass transit railway, transitoriented development, and spatial justice. Transitoriented development in the united statesexperiences, challenges, and prospects examines the state of the practice and the benefits of transitoriented development and joint development throughout the united states. What gives the swire propertiesdeveloped office complex an edge is its proximity to tai koo and quarry bay mtr stations, the latter being an interchange hub. It is recognized that new york city and hong kong are very different in other geographical, cultural, institutional and political aspects.
As one of the densest places on earth, it is no surprise that hong kong is a transit city, with over 90% of journeys made by public transportation. Pdf mass transit railway, transitoriented development, and. Mass transit railway, transitoriented development, and. Cities such as amsterdam, hong kong and munich have already demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach. Suburbanization and transitoriented development in china. We conclude that transitoriented development holds considerable promise for placing rapidly suburbanizing chinese cities on a more sustainable pathway. This makes it possible to live a lowerstress life without complete dependence on. New extensions in central hong kong will be mostly funded by development around future stations. Relationships among the government of hong kong sar. Manual of best practices for transitoriented development. Neighborhoods differ and complement each other to form a city. When wellplanned and effectively implemented, transitoriented development tod can advance efforts to create livable, thriving and sustainable cities. Relocating to a suburban area near a metrorail station, however, was found to moderate losses in job accessibility and for many, encourage switches from nonmotorized to transit commuting.
It is inherently a hybrid city characterized by traditional compact urban neighborhoods in kowloon and hong kong island and transitoriented new towns in the new territories. The mass transit railway mtr corporation, which manages the subway and bus systems on hong kong island and, since 2006, in the northern part of kowloon, is considered. A comparative study of transitoriented developments in hong kong february 28, 20. In hong kong, however, the mtr is both the transit authority as well as the property owner, and this makes all the difference. The hong kong mtr, which a transit agency is that provides a railway service and leases property, may be an extreme model of tod. Recently in the comment section of atc, lloyd alter of treehugger shared a great article talking about the 8 principles of transit oriented development tod. For example, in hong kong, research indicates that housing price premiums are in the range of 5% to 17% for units in proximity to railway. Rail plus property program, hong kong sar, china authorseditors.
Part ii lessons learned from global developmentbased land value capture practices 3. The city of hong kongs development is unparalleled to anywhere else in the. Also known as tod, its the creation of compact, walkable, pedestrianoriented, mixeduse communities centered around high quality train systems. National center for transit research center for urban transportation research. Financing transitoriented development with land values adapting land value capture in developing countries outline introduction. Life at the top of a transit hub culture hk china daily. The unique genius of hong kongs public transportation. Transitoriented development tod, hong kong, rail village, catchment area, development ratio. Transitoriented development tod has been growing in popularity for many years, particularly in large metropolitan areas. The term transit oriented development is a recent american codification of the landusetransportation integration practiced for a long time in europe and east asian countries. How hong kong pulls off transit oriented development. By implementing smart transit hubs, or transitoriented developments, rail owners can offset capital costs of construction and secure longterm revenues to offset operating costs once in service. Often used to describe singular development shaping a city block above or near to a transit station, the term tod has manifested differently in other countries. However, mtr projects, like other transit oriented development.
This premium can even exceed 30% if properties incorporate transitoriented design, such as structures that facilitate pedestrian access to commercial amenities or provide pathway. Developments around premium transit stations commuter rail, light rail and bus rapid transit have an increased need for design that promotes walkability and density, important elements which support public transit. Financing transitoriented development with land values. Pdf mass transit railway, transitoriented development. A comparative study of transitoriented developments in hong kong. Inclusive land value capture schemes, integrating and. But, the hong kong mtr model may be applied to big cities. Hong kong new town development hong kong comprises three major parts. Buildings in proximity to stations or transit corridors. Transitoriented development and the case of the marina.
Histories of transitoriented development 1 introduction peter calthorpe codified the concept of transitoriented development tod in the late 1980s and, while others had promoted similar concepts and contributed to the design, tod became a fixture of modern planning when calthorpe published the new american metropolis in 1993. Financing transitoriented development with land values uses a unique case study method to identify opportunities and pitfalls from experiences in hong kong sar, tokyo, new york city, washington, d. Pdf a comparative study of transitoriented developments. Jin murakami financing transitoriented development with land values. Institute of transportation engineers ite, 2006, 221 p. Developmentbased land value capture dblvc financing schemes being practiced in asian megacities like hong kong sar, china, and tokyo have helped them not only to generate funds for transit investment and operational and maintenance costs but also to promote sustainable urban development through transitoriented development tod. Coordination problem most attempts at transit oriented development in the u. Transitoriented development tod that jointly develop the srailway and urban cities as a set is effective in generating the density of people and jobs. This was a core message of the book, the transit metropolis. Transitoriented development tod resources designingplanning tod contd context sensitive solutions in designing major urban thoroughfares for walkable communities bochner, brian s.
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